Fig. 1

Stages of prostate cancer leading to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Time course of the development of CRPC depicted as arbitrary tumour volume (ordinate) as a function of time (arbitrary units). About 28% of patients with prostate cancer develop CRPC. Arrows indicate time points of standard treatments (Table 1). The red arrows indicate a suitable time points for cell-based immunotherapy to be as early as possible. The asterisk denotes local therapy radiotherapy/surgery. HSPC, hormone-sensitive prostate cancer [55]