Fig. 4

KF-5 causes membrane perturbations and oxidative stress in Candida albicans. A Zeta potential of KF-5 measured at different pH values, showing positive charges at pH 3, 5, and 7 and negative charges at pH 9 and 11. B KF-5-induced membrane depolarization in Candida albicans, as measured by the increase in fluorescence of the diSC3(5) probe (Triton X-100 was used as a positive control). C KF-5-induced membrane permeabilization was measured via an 8-anilonapthalene-1-sulfonic acid (ANS) uptake assay (melittin was used as a positive control). D Lipid peroxidation in Candida albicans detected via C11-BODIPY581/591 after KF-5 treatment, indicating increased oxidative stress. The data are presented as the means ± SDs. ****P < 0.0001