Fig. 5

Validation for circular structure of eccDNAs. Gel electrophoresis image for validated eccDNAs A SRP68circle exon 12, B PSMGcircle exon 4 and C chr1circle 16376520–16386335 by outward PCR (blue arrows) and inward PCR (red arrows). Outward PCR products are used for Sanger sequencing to validate the junction sites of eccDNAs. EccDNAs are named according to gene content or the location on the chromosome. Schematic diagrams are used to illustrate inward PCR and outward PCR. Red boxes: exons or genes; M: Marker; Ctrl: unamplified eccDNA of control samples; DCM: unamplified eccDNA of dilated cardiomyopathy samples; G-Ctrl: genomic DNA of control samples; G-DCM: genomic DNA of dilated cardiomyopathy samples; φCtrl: φ29 amplified eccDNA of control samples; φDCM: φ29 amplified eccDNA of dilated cardiomyopathy samples; NTC: non-template control