Fig. 1

The impact of sorafenib on MET formation in the tumor environment of HCC. A Representative immunofluorescence images of F4/80⁺CitH3⁺cells in isolated macrophages from tumor tissues (40 ×). Blue, DAPI; Green, F4/80 positive; Red, Cit-H3 positive. B The impact of neutrophils and macrophages on extracellular traps in Hep1-6-bearing HCC C57BL/6 mice. NC: negative control with saline treatment. Sora: treatment with sorafenib. 1A8: anti-Ly6G for depleting murine neutrophils. C ELISA detection of the MPO-DNA concentration in the supernatant of mouse bone marrow-derived macrophage (mBMDM) and THP-1 cells that were treated by sorafenib (Sora). Blank: no treatment. ELISA detection of the MPO-DNA concentration in the supernatant of D mBMDM and THP-1 cells, and E mouse bone marrow-derived neutrophil (mBMDN) and HL-60 cells that were treated with HCC cell media. Blank: no treatment. NC: media of Hepa1-6 or Hep3B. Sora: media of Hepa1-6 or Hep3B treated by sorafenib. Clodronate liposomes were used for depleting murine macrophages. ELISA detection of the MPO-DNA concentration in the supernatant of (F) M1-mBMDM and M1-THP-1 cells, and G M2-mBMDM and M2-THP-1 cells that were treated with HCC cell media. Blank: no treatment. NC: media of Hepa1-6 or Hep3B. Sora: media of Hepa1-6 or Hep3B treated by sorafenib. n = 6 (B–G). Data represent the mean ± standard deviation (SD) of ≥ three independent experiments. ns, p ≥ 0.05; *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001