Fig. 1

FRA suppressed the proliferation and migration of HSFs in vitro. (A) Chemical structure diagram of FRA. (B) HSFs and NDFs were treated with different concentrations of FRA for different durations and evaluated by a CCK-8 assay (n = 4). (C) EdU (green) proliferation assay for HSFs after incubation with various concentrations of FRA (100 µM, 200 µM and 300 µM) for 48 h (scale bar = 200 μm). (D) Quantitative analysis of EdU-positive cells. (E) Representative images of the wound healing assay of HSFs treated with or without FRA (300 µM) for 0, 6, 12 and 24 h (scale bar = 200 μm). The red lines indicate the wound boundaries. (F) The quantitative results are presented as the relative migration area, with 0% applied to the area measured at 0 h. (G) Representative images of the transwell assay of HSFs after treatment with FRA for 48 h (scale bar = 200 μm). (H) Quantitative results of the number of invaded cells per field. The data are shown as means ± SDs (n = 3 independent experiments unless otherwise specified). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ns = not significant