Table 2 Patient demographics and baseline characteristics

Age, years

52 ± 16

57 ± 14

 < 0.001¹

Gender, %

  Male

5756 (47.5%)

709 (57.0%)

 < 0.001²

  Female

6358 (52.5%)

534 (43.0%)

BMI, kg/m²

28.1 ± 5.8

29.3 ± 5.7

 < 0.001¹

Race/Ethnicity, %

  Mexican American

2004 (16.5%)

167 (13.4%)

 < 0.001²

  Other hispanic

1348 (11.1%)

150 (12.1%)

  Non-hispanic white

4815 (39.7%)

654 (52.6%)

  Non-hispanic black

2556 (21.1%)

181 (14.6%)

  Other

1391 (11.6%)

91 (7.3%)

Education level, %

  Less than 9th grade

1282 (10.6%)

133 (10.7%)

 < 0.001²

  9–11th grade

1704 (14.1%)

148 (11.9%)

  High school or equivalent

2876 (23.7%)

287 (23.1%)

  Some college or AA degree

3411 (28.2%)

407 (32.7%)

  College graduate or above

2826 (23.4%)

268 (21.6%)

Diabetes, %

  Yes

1569 (13.0%)

279 (22.4%)

 < 0.001²

  No/borderline

10,545 (87.0%)

964 (77.6%)

Hypertensive, %

  Yes

4246 (35.1%)

616 (49.6%)

 < 0.001²

  No

7868 (64.9%)

627 (50.4%)

Smoke, %

  Yes

5236 (43.2%)

592 (47.6%)

0.003²

  No

6878 (56.8%)

651 (52.4%)

Alcohol consumption, cup

2.00 (1.00, 3.00)

2.00 (1.00, 3.00)

 < 0.001³

FNBMD, gm/cm²

0.81 ± 0.16

0.78 ± 0.14

 < 0.001¹

L1BMD, gm/cm²

0.95 ± 0.16

0.95 ± 0.17

0.559¹

L2BMD, gm/cm²

1.02 ± 0.17

1.01 ± 0.17

0.226¹

L3BMD, gm/cm²

1.05 ± 0.17

1.04 ± 0.17

0.189¹

L4BMD, gm/cm²

1.05 ± 0.17

1.04 ± 0.17

0.211¹

Vitamin D (mcg)

3.10 (1.20, 6.00)

3.30 (1.40, 5.60)

0.531³

Calcium (mg)

792.00 (506.75, 1157.00)

799.00 (524.00, 1145.00)

0.358³

Phosphorus (mg)

1214.00 (869.00, 1657.00)

1202.00 (887.00, 1633.00)

0.998³

Magnesium (mg)

269.00 (196.00, 365.00)

261.00 (198.00, 361.00)

0.136³

Osteopenia, %

5870 (48.5%)

680 (54.7%)

 < 0.001²

Osteoporosis, %

1030 (8.5%)

129 (10.4%)

 < 0.001²