Fig. 4

Differentiation trajectories of vascular endothelial cell subtypes. A, B CytoTRACE analysis to assess stemness in 11 endothelial cell subtypes, with higher CytoTRACE scores indicating increased stemness; statistical significance was assessed using the Kruskal–Wallis test. CytoTRACE scores were mapped onto individual cells’ UMAP to more intuitively represent changes in stemness across different cell subtypes. C Monocle3 pseudotime analysis showing the differentiation paths of endothelial cells from initial to terminal states. D Monocle2 pseudotime analysis displaying the cellular development trajectories and states of two endothelial cell subtypes. E Monocle2 pseudotime analysis showing the proportions of different groups during endothelial cell development. F Heatmap displaying the expression of differential genes in pseudotime analysis. G Heatmap showing GO enrichment analysis results and marker genes for each state of endothelial cell differentiation