Fig. 6

Validation of the superiority of the VNRS model compared to published predictive models. (A) Heatmap comparing the HR of the proposed model with those of previously published models related to LGG and GBM. HR values represent the strength of association between the model’s risk scores and patient outcomes, with higher HR values indicating stronger prognostic performance. (B) The results of the model’s C-index are compared with previously published models related to LGG and GBM. The C-index quantifies the model’s predictive accuracy, with higher values (closer to 1) indicating better discrimination between outcomes. (C-E) The results of the model’s 1/2/3-year AUC values are compared with previously published models related to LGG and GBM