Fig. 2

Pivotal role of ER stress in the pathogenesis of PT. The small intestine from GF mice were cultivated in the GEVS and unexposed (CTRL) or exposed to 4PBA (3 µM), PT (2.5 mg/mL), or TG (5 ug/mL) alone or in combination for 16 h, and ER stress markers (A), TG2 and CFTR (B) was evaluated by qPCR. TG2 and CFTR protein levels were evaluated by western blotting analysis (B, right panel), in the same experimental conditions. Tissue permeability was assessed using the FITC-Dextran test (C), or by qPCR analysis (D) of the tight junction proteins claudin-2 (CLD-2) and claudin-15 (CLD15), while the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines was evaluated by ELISA (E)