Fig. 6

PT-induced UPR also regulates inflammation and gut permeability mainly through NF-kB. CaCo-2 cells were unexposed or exposed 9 h to PT (1 mg/mL) alone or in combination with BAPTA-AM (BAPTA, 10 µM; 1 h pretreatment) and BAY11-7082 (BAY, 5 µM; 1 h pretreatment), and the expression of the indicated pro-inflammatory cytokines (A) or tight junction proteins (B) was evaluated by qPCR. (C) A schematic representation of the signaling pathway by which PT stimulates the activation of the transcription factor NF-kB and the downstream inflammatory cytokines expression/production and TJs function/expression, in IECs