Fig. 1

Principal component analysis (PCA) showing patterns of gene expression across datasets and differential gene expression analysis. (A) The distribution of the four datasets before batch effect was removed. (B) Removed all confounding factors from the corrected samples. (C) A heatmap illustrating the expression patterns of DEGs across the samples. (D) Volcanic plots for differentially expressed genes. Red and blue dots denote significantly upregulated and downregulated genes, respectively, while black dots indicate non-significant genes